References
 
 

References/General

1. Kleiger RE et al, Multicentre Post Infarction Research Group: Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 256-62.
2. Bigger JT et al: Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1992; 85: 164-17.
3. Hayano J et al: Decreased magnitude of heart rate spectral components in coronary heart disease: its relation to angiographic severity. Circulation 1990; 81: 1217-1224.
4. Malliani A et al: Power spectral analysis of cardiovascular variability in patients at risk for sudden cardiac death. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1994; 5: 274-286.
5. Lombardi F et al: Sudden cardiac death: role of heart rate variability to identify patients at risk. Cardiovasc Res 2001; 50: 210-217.
6. Nolan J et al: Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure: results of the United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UK-HEART). Circulation 1998; 98(15): 1510-6.
7. Ewing DJ et al: The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q J Med 1980; 193: 95-108.
8. O'Brien IA et al: The influence of autonomic neuropathy on mortality in insulin-dependent diabetes. Q J Med 1991; 79: 495-502.
9. Hayano J et al: Prognostic value of heart rate variability during long-term follow-up in chronic haemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14 (6): 1480-8.
10. Dillon JF et al: Autonomic function in cirrhosis assessed by cardiovascular reflex tests and 24 hour heart rate variability. Am J
Gastroent 1994; 89: 1544-1547.
11. Watson JP, Nolan J, Elliot MW. Autonomic dysfunction in patients with nocturnal hypoventilation in extrapulmonary restrictive disease. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 1097-1102.
12. Dekker JM et al: Heart rate variability from short electrocardiographic recordings predicts mortality from all causes in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145/10: 899-908.
13. Dekker JM et al: Low heart rate variability in a 2-minute rhythm strip predicts risk of coronary heart disease and mortality from several causes. The ARIC Study. Circulation 2000; 102: 1239-1244.
14. Liao D et al: Cardiac autonomic function and incident coronary heart disease: A population-based case-cohort study: The ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145/8: 696-706.
15. Liao D et al: Multiple metabolic syndrome is associated with lower heart rate variability: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care 1998; 21/12: 2116-2122.
16. Tsuji H et al: Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1996; 94: 2850-2855.
17. Tsuji H et al: Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort: The Framingham heart study. Circulation 1994; 90/2 (878-883).
18. Whitsel EA et al: RR- interval variation, the QT interval index and risk of primary cardiac arrest among patients without clinically recognised heart disease. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 165-173.
19. Gerritsen J et al: Impaired autonomic function is associated with increased mortality, especially in subjects with diabetes, hypertension, or a history of cardiovascular disease: the Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (10): 1793-8.
20. Curtis BM. O Keefe JH: Autonomic tone as a cardiovascular risk factor: the dangers of chronic fight or flight. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77 (1): 45-54.
21. Bigger JT Jr et al: The ability of several short-term measures of RR variability to predict mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993; 88: 927-34.
22. Fei L et al: Short- and long-term assessment of heart rate variability for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77/9: 681-684.
23. Malik M et al: Depressed heart rate variability identifies postinfarction patients who might benefit from prophylactic treatment with amiodarone. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35/5: 1263-75.
24. Bonaduce D et al: Comparison of verapamil versus felodipine on heart rate variability after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79(5): 564-9.
25. American Heart Association: AHA Scientific Statement - Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Circulation 1999; 100:
1134-1146.
26. American Diabetes Association: Diabetic Neuropathy. In: ADA Clinical practice recommendations 1996. Diabetes Care 1996; 19 (Suppl.1): S67-S92.
27. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists & American College of Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: The AACE System of Intensive Diabetes Self-Management-2002 Update. Endocrine Practice 2002; 8 (Suppl 1), 61: 40-82.
28. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology: Heart rate variability - standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996; 93: 1043-1065.
29. Task force of the European Society of Cardiology (Priori SG, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Bossaert L et al.): Task force report on sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1374-1450.
30. Praxis-Leitlinien der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft: Diagnose und Therapie der autonomen diabetischen Neuropathie. Diabet u Stoffw 2002; 11 Suppl. 2.
31. Society for Psychophysiological Research Committee report: Heart rate variability: origins, methods and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology 1997; 34: 623-648.
32. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE): Guidance on the use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators for arrhythmias. Technology Appraisal Guidance 11, Sept 2000.
33. Pumprla J et al: Functional assessment of heart rate variability: bPhysiological basis and practical applications. Intl J Cardiol 2002; 84/1: 1-14.

 References/Cardiology:

1. Hayano J et al: Decreased magnitude of heart rate spectral components in coronary heart disease: its relation to angiographic severity. Circulation 1990; 81: 1217-1224.
2. Huikuri HV et al: Heart rate variability and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 1979-1985.
3. Julius S, Nesbitt S. Sympathetic overactivity in hypertension. A moving target. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9(11): 113S-120S.
4. Flapan AD et al: Differing patterns of cardiac parasympathetic activity and their evaluation in selected patients with a first myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 926-931.
5. Kelly P et al: Preservation of autonomic function following successful reperfusion with streptokinase within 12 hours of the onset of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 203-205.
6. Bonnemeier H et al: Heart rate variability in patients with acute myocardial Infarction undergoing primary coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85 (7): 815-820.
7. Kleiger RE et al: Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 256-62.
8. Bigger JT et al: Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1992; 95: 164-71.
9. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology: Heart rate variability - standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996; 93: 1043-1065.
10. Dreifus LS et al for the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Technology Assessment Committee: Heart rate variability for risk stratification of life-threatening arrhythmias. Position statement. J Am Coll Cardiol 22/3; 1993: 948-50.
11. Bigger JT Jr et al: The ability of several short-term measures of RR variability to predict mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993; 88: 927-34.
12. Sloan RP et al: Brief interval heart period variability by different methods of analysis correlates highly with 24 h analyses in normals. Biol Psychol 1994; 38(2-3): 133-42.
13. Fei L et al: Short- and long-term assessment of heart rate variability for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77/9: 681-684.
14. Faber TS et al: Stepwise strategy of using short- and long-term heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996; 19(11 Pt 2): 1845-51.
15. Mortara A et al: Can power spectral analysis of heart rate variability identify a high risk subgroup of congestive heart failure patients with excessive sympathetic activation? A pilot study before and after heart transplantation. Br Heart J 1994; 71: 422-30.
16. Panina G et al: Role of spectral measures of heart rate variability as markers of disease progression in patients with chronic congestive heart failure not treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am Heart J 1996; 131: 153-7.
17. Ponikowski P et al: Depressed heart rate variability as an independent predictor of death in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1645-50.
18. Nolan J et al: Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure: results of the United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UK-HEART). Circulation 1998; 98(15): 1510-6.
19. Nolan J et al: Decreased cardiac parasympathetic activity in chronic heart failure and its relation to left ventricular function. Br Heart J 1992; 67: 482-486.
20. Huikuri HV et al: Measurement of heart rate variability: a clinical tool or a research toy? J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 1878-83.
21. Rosenthal ME et al: Sudden cardiac death following acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1985; 109: 876-875.
22. Lombardi F et al: Sudden cardiac death: role of heart rate variability to identify patients at risk. Cardiovasc Res 2001; 50: 210-217.
23. Lombardi F et al: Heart rate variability patterns before ventricular tachycardia onset in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 959-63.
24. Priori SG et al: Task force report of the Task force of the European Society of Cardiology on sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1374-1450.
25. Singh JP et al: Reduced heart rate variability and new-onset hypertension: Insights into pathogenesis of hypertension: The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 1998; 32/2: 293-297.
26. Julius S, Nesbitt S. Sympathetic overactivity in hypertension. A moving target. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9(11): 113S-120S.
27. Salo TM et al: Comparison of autonomic withdrawal in men with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, systemic hypertension and neither condition. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 232-238.
28. Lord SW et al: Sympathetic reinnervation and heart rate variability after cardiac transplantation. Heart 1997; 77: 532-538.
29. Zbilut JP et al: Use of power spectral analysis of respiratory sinus arrhythmia to detect graft rejection. J Heart Transplant 1988; 7: 280-288.
30. European Heart Failure Training Group: Experience from controlled trials of physical training in chronic heart failure. Protocol and patient factors in effectiveness in the improvement in exercise tolerance. Eur Heart J 1998;
 19(3): 466-75.

31. Coats AJ et al: Controlled trial of physical training in chronic heart failure. Exercise performance, hemodynamics, ventilation, and autonomic function. Circulation 1992; 85: 2119-31.
32. Tygesen H et al: Intensive home-based exercise training in cardiac rehabilitation increases exercise capacity and heart rate variability. Int J Cardiol 2001; 79: 175-82.
33. Jiunn-Lee Lin et al:: Long-term beta-blocker therapy improves autonomic nervous regulation in advanced congestive heart failure: a longitudinal heart rate variability study. Am Heart J 1999; 137: 658-665.
34. Aronson D, Burger AJ: Effect of beta-blockade on heart rate variability in decompensated heart failure. Intl J Cardiol 2001; 79: 31-39.
35. Binkley PF et al: Sustained augmentation of parasympathetic tone with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 655-61.
36. Krum H et al: Effect of long-term digoxin therapy on autonomic function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 289-94.
37. Brouwer J et al: Usefulness of heart rate variability in predicting drug efficacy (metoprolol vs. diltiazem) in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 759-763.
38. Weber F et al: Heart rate variability and ischaemia in patients with coronary heart disease and stable angina pectoris; influence of drug therapy and prognostic value. TIBBS Investigators Group. Eur Heart J 1999; 20(1): 38-50.
39. Tjeerdsma G et al: Early detection of anthracycline induced cardiotoxicity in asymptomatic patients with normal left ventricular
systolic function: autonomic versus echocardiographic variables. Heart 1999; 81: 419-423.

References/Diabetology:

1. Julius S, Valentini M: Consequences of the increased autonomic nervous drive in hypertension, heart failure and diabetes. Blood Press Suppl 1998; 7(3): 5-13.
2. Data on file
3. Ziegler D et al: Prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction assessed by spectral analysis, vector analysis. Amd standard tests of heart rate variation and blood pressure responses at various stages of diabetic neuropathy. Diabet Med 1992; 9(9): 806-814.
4. American Diabetes Association. Diabetic Neuropathy. In: Clinical practice recommendations 1996. Diabetes Care 19; 1996 (Suppl.1): S67-S92.
5. The Writing Team for the DCCT / EDIC Research Group: Effect of intensive therapy on the microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2002;287(19): 2563-9.
6. Ziegler D: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: clinical manifestations and measurement. Diabetes Rev 1999; 7: 342-57.
7. Pagani M: Heart rate variability and autonomic diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2000; 13(6): 341-6.
8. O'Brien IA et al: The influence of autonomic neuropathy on mortality in insulin-dependent diabetes. Q J Med, 79/290; 1991: 495-502
9. Ewing DJ et al: The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q J Med 193; 1980: 95-108.
10. Hecht MJ et al: Neuropathy is a major contributing factor to diabetic erectile dysfunction. Neurol Res 2001; 23(6): 651-654.

10. Molgaard H et al: Early recognition of autonomic dysfunction in microalbuminuria: significance for cardiovascular mortality in diabetes mellitus? Diabetologia 37; 1994: 788-96.
11. Poulsen PL et al: 24-h blood pressure and autonomic function is related to albumin excretion within the normoalbuminuric range in IDDM patients. Diabetologia 40; 1997: 718-725.
12. Meinhold JA et al: Low prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in Type 1 diabetic patients without nephropathy. Diabetic Med 2001; 18: 607-613.
13. Sundkvist G, Lilja B: Autonomic neuropathy predicts deterioration in glomerular filtration rate in patients with IDDM. Diabetes Care 1993; 16/5: 773-9.
14. Takahashi N et al: Effect of essential hypertension on cardiac autonomic function in type 2 diabetes patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 232-237.
15. Stamler et al: Diabetes, other risk factors, and the 12-year cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 434-44.
16. Valensi P et al: Predictive value of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients with or without silent myocardial ischemia. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 339-343.
17. Andersson B et al: Urinary albumin excretion and heart rate variability in obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 1998; 22(5):399-405.
18. Yakinci C et al: Autonomic nervous system functions in obese children. Brain Dev 2000; 22(3): 151-153.
19. Nakano Y et al: Calorie restriction reduced blood pressure in obesity hypertensives by improvement of autonomic nerve activity and insulin sensitivity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 38 (Suppl 1): S69-74.
20. Liao D et al: Multiple metabolic syndrome is associated with lower heart rate variability: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care 1998;21(12):2116-22.
21. Cacciatori V et al: Power spectral analysis of heart rate in hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143(3): 327-333.
22. Rosano GM et al: Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on heart rate variability and heart rate in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80(6): 815-7.
23. Birner P et al: Cardiac autonomic function in patients suffering from primary focal hyperhidrosis. Eur Neurol 2000; 44: 112-116.
24. Chaudhuri KR. Autonomic dysfunction in movement disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 2001; 14(4): 505-511.
25. Rockel A et al: Uraemic sympathetic neuropathy after haemodialysis and transplanting. Eur J Clin Invest 1979; 9: 23-27.
26. Vita G et al: Comparative analysis of autonomic and somatic dysfunction in chronic uraemia. Eur Neurol 1988; 28: 335-340.
27. Dillon Jf et al: Autonomic function in cirrhosis assessed by cardiovascular reflex tests and 24 hour heart rate variability. Am J
Gastroent 1994; 89: 1544-1547.
28. Watson JP et al: Autonomic dysfunction in patients with nocturnal hypoventilation in extrapulmonary restrictive disease. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 1097-1102.
29. Neild PJ et al: Cardiac autonomic function in AIDS is not secondary to heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2000; 74: 133-137.
30. Rapenne T et al: Could heart rate variability analysis become an early predictor of imminent brain death? A pilot study. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 329-336 .
31. Dillon JF et al: The correction of autonomic dysfunction in cirrhosis by captopril. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 331-335.
32. Burger AJ et al: Effect of glycemic control on heart rate variability in type I diabetic patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84(6): 687-91.
33. European Heart Failure Training Group: Experience from controlled trials of physical training in chronic heart failure. Protocol and patient factors in effectiveness in the improvement in exercise tolerance. Eur Heart J 1998; 19(3): 466-75.
34. Malfatto G et al: Short and long term effects of exercise training on the tonic autonomic modulation of heart rate variability after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1996;17(4): 532-8.
35. Benarroch EE: The central autonomic network: Functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68(10): 988-1001.
36. Ewing DJ et al: Assessment of cardiovascular effects in diabetic autonomic neuropathy and prognostic implications. An Intern Med 1980; 92(Pt 2): 308-11.
37. Ewing DJ et al: The value of cardiovascular autonomic function tests: 10 years experience in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1985; 8/5: 491-8.
38. Weston PJ et al: Evidence of defective cardiovascular regulation in insulin-dependent diabetic patients without clinical autonomic dysfunction. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1998; 42/3: 141-148.
39. Hayano JI et al: Postural response of low-frequency component of heart rate variability is an increased risk for mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Chest 2001; 120(6): 1942-1952.
40. Howorka K et al: Optimal parameters of short-term heart rate spectrogram for routine evaluation of diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. J Auton Nerv Syst 1998; 69/2-3: 164-172.
41. Ziegler D: Clinical ascpects, diagnosis and therapy of diabetic neuropathy. Ther Umsch 1996; 53(12): 948-57.
42. Howorka K et al: Influence of fasting on heart rate variability in diabetic patients with different degrees of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Nutr Metab/Clin Exp 1997; 10: 288-295.
43. Howorka K et al: Effects of physical training on heart rate variability in diabetic patients with various degrees of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Cardiovasc Res 1997; 34: 206-214.
44. Ziegler D et al: Effects of treatment with the antioxidant a-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients: A 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial (DEKAN study). Diabetes Care 1997; 20(3): 369-373.
45. Boulton AJM: Current and emerging treatments for the diabetic neuropathies. Diabetes Reviews 1999; 7(4): 379-386.
46. Vinik et al: Gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and neurovascular disturbances in diabetes. Diabetes Reviews 1999; 7(4): 358-378.

References/Screening & Sports:

1. Yap YG, Camm AJ: Clinical perspective, in In Clinical guide to cardiac autonomic tests, Malik M (ed). Dodrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer, 1998.
2. Tsuji H et al: Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1996; 94/11: 2850-2855.
3. Whitsel EA et al: RR- interval variation, the QT interval index and risk of primary cardiac arrest among patients without clinically recognised heart disease. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 165-173.
4. Dekker JM et al: Heart rate variability from short electrocardiographic recordings predicts mortality from all causes in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145/10: 899-908.
5. Liao D et al: Cardiac autonomic function and incident coronary heart disease: A population-based case-cohort study: The ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145/8: 696-706.
6. Tsuji H et al: Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort: The Framingham heart study. Circulation 1994; 90/2: 878-883.
7. Christensen JH et al: Heart rate variability and plasma lipids in men with and without ischemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 1999; 145(1): 181-6.
8. Nishiue T et al: Higher heart rate variability of smokers after acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 1999; 68(2) : 165-9.
9. Singh JP et al: Heritability of heart rate variability: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1999; 99/17: 2251-2254.
10. Van Amelsvoort LG et al: 24-hour heart rate variability in shift workers: Impact of shift schedule. J Occup Health 2001; 43 (1): 32-38.
11. Gold DR et al: Ambient pollution and heart rate variability. Circulation 2000; 101: 1267-1273.
12. Balas EA et al: Distance technologies for patient monitoring. British Med J 1999; 319:1309.
13. Tygesen H et al: Intensive home-based exercise training in cardiac rehabilitation increases exercise capacity and heart rate variability. Int J Cardiol 2001; 79: 175-82.
14. De Meersman RE: Heart rate variability and aerobic fitness. Am Heart J 1993; 125/3: 726-731.
15. Blair SN et al: Activity counselling trial (ACT): Rationale, design and methods. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30/7: 1097-1106.
16. Gallagher D et al: Heart rate variability in smokers, sedentary and aerobically fit individuals. Clin Auton Res 1992; 2(6): 383-7.
17. Knopfli B et al: Competition performance and basal nocturnal catecholamine excretion in cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(7): 1228-1232.
18. Uusitalo ALT et al: Heart rate and blood pressure variability during heavy training and overtraining in the female athlete. Int J Sports Med 2000; 21/1; 45-53.
19. Pichot V et al: Relation between heart rate variability and training load in middle-distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32(10): 1729-1736.
20. Hedelin R et al: Heart rate variability in athletes: Relationship with central and peripheral performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(8): 1394-1398.
21. Portier H et al: Intense endurance training on heart rate and blood pressure variability in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(7): 1120-5.
22. Hedelin R et al: Short-term overtraining: Effects on performance, circulatory responses, and heart rate variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32(8): 1480-1484.
23. Lehmann M et al: Overtraing in endurance athletes: a brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25(7): 854-62.
24. Portier H et al: Intense endurance training on heart rate and blood pressure variability in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(7): 1120-5.
25. Hedelin R et al: Cardiac autonomic imbalance in an overtrained athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32(9): 1531-1533.
26. Nagatomi R et al: Modulation of the immune system by the autonomic nervous system and its implication in immunological changes after training. Exerc Immunol Rev 2000; 6: 54-74.

References / Advantages

27. Fei L et al: Relationship between short- and long-term measurements of heart rate variability in patients at risk of sudden cardiac death. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994; 17 (11 Pt2): 2194-200.
28. Bigger JT Jr et al: The ability of several short-term measures of RR variability to predict mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993; 88: 927-34.
29. Fei L et al: Short- and long-term assessment of heart rate variability for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77/9: 681-684.
30. Bloomfield DM et al: Comparison of spontaneous vs. metronome-guided breathing on assessment of vagal modulation using RR variability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 280: H1145-H1150.

References / Key Features

1. Fei L et al: Short- and long-term assessment of heart rate variability for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77/9: 681-684.
2. Siche JP: Factors of variation of heart rate. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) m1998; 47(6): 415-9.
3. Data on file
4. Ewing DJ et al: The value of cardiovascular autonomic function tests: 10 years experience in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1985; 8/5: 491-8.
 
 
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